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  1. Home
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  3. Olm

Amphibians · Caudata · Proteidae

Olm

Proteus anguinus

Vulnerable

At high risk of extinction in the wild over the medium term.

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It is the longest-lived amphibian known, with an average life expectancy of 68.5 years. Known as the "human fish" for the pale pink of its skin, it stays larval all its life, external gills and all.

Weight

15 g – 150 g

Size

23 cm – 30 cm

Life expectancy

68 years

Diet

Carnivore

Feeds mainly on other animals.

Activity

Nocturnal

Active mainly at night.

Social structure

Solitary

Lives and hunts alone, joining others only to breed.

Estimated population

No reliable global estimate: living in the underground aquifers of the Dinaric karst (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Italy), its populations are very hard to survey and declines may go unnoticed

Freshwater
6countries1parks2same family

Fun facts

  • fisiologíaIt lives in European caves in total darkness, has no working eyes and can go several years without eating on an extremely slow metabolism.

Life cycle and biology

Skeleton type
Vertebrate - internal bony skeleton (amphibian)
Habitat and environment
Groundwater and caves of the Dinaric karst, in Slovenia, north-eastern Italy, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Birth weight
Eggs laid singly; they take between 86 and 182 days to develop, depending on water temperature
Size at birth
A small larva on hatching, with no clear metamorphosis (permanent neoteny, keeping its external gills for life)
Sexual maturity
14-15.6 years, among the longest times to sexual maturity known in any vertebrate
Gestation / incubation
86-182 days of egg development, depending on temperature (faster the warmer it is)
Litter / clutch size
Roughly 35 eggs per clutch, breeding on average every 12-12.5 years
Life expectancy in captivity
Documented record of 58 years in captivity

Sources consulted: Parkovi Dinarida · Academia.edu (extreme lifespan study) · Dimensions.com · Animal Diversity Web · Royal Society Publishing (Biology Letters extreme lifespan study) · AmphibiaWeb · A-Z Animals · AnAge (genomics.senescence.info) · IUCN Red List (Vulnerable): distribución fragmentada y limitada con población en descenso continuo por contaminación del agua y alteración del terreno sobre los sistemas kársticos · IUCN Red List, evaluación de Proteus anguinus · EDGE of Existence, Survival Blueprint del olm · AmphibiaWeb, ficha de Proteus anguinus · EDGE of Existence

Where to find it

Best time: All year round, but only in show caves such as Postojna (Slovenia) or in breeding centres: it is Europe's only troglobitic vertebrate and is never seen above ground

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The pins mark the parks where its presence is documented.

Where to see it

Parks and dive sites where this species has been documented.

Related species

Other species in the catalogue with the most in common with Olm — same habitat, park, country, tags or family.

Same taxonomic family
Same taxonomic family
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Related to
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How to help

The olm is classified as vulnerable. Organisations such as the IUCN, WWF and the Wildlife Conservation Society work specifically on its conservation and that of its habitat; looking into their programmes is a good starting point if you want to get involved.

It's documented in 1 protected area — one reason why protecting these places matters for its conservation.

Keep exploring

Based on what we already know about olm.

Share an experience, a fun fact or a tip for seeing the olm.
See full glossary
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See its range on the interactive map→
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CountriesSlovenia
ParksŠkocjan CavesSlovenia
TagsCarnivore
Carnivore
Nocturnal
Solitary
Vulnerable
Amphibian
Freshwater
Slovenia
Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Italy
Montenegro