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Bony fish · Perciformes · Percidae

Zander

Sander lucioperca

Least Concern

The species is abundant and widely distributed; it faces no significant short-term risk.

Spotted something wrong?

It is the largest percid in Europe, looking like a cross between a perch and a pike. It has a reflective layer in the retina much like that of many nocturnal mammals, which gives it exceptional night vision.

Weight

1 kg – 20 kg

Size

50 cm – 1 m

Life expectancy

14 years

Diet

Carnivore

Feeds mainly on other animals.

Activity

Nocturnal

Active mainly at night.

Social structure

Solitary

Lives and hunts alone, joining others only to breed.

Sighting difficulty

Easy

Freshwater
45countries71parks4dive sites1same family

Fun facts

  • It is the largest percid in Europe.
  • The reflective layer in its retina gives it exceptional vision in murky water and at night.
  • A large female can lay more than a million eggs in a single spawning.

Life cycle and biology

Skeleton type
Vertebrate - internal bony skeleton (fish)
Habitat and environment
Lakes, reservoirs and slow-flowing rivers of Europe and Asia, in temperate water of 6-22°C and down to 30 m
Birth weight
A tiny egg; a larva a few millimetres long on hatching
Size at birth
A larva a few millimetres long on hatching
Sexual maturity
Male: 1-2 years (26-37 cm) | Female: 1.5-3 years (26-46 cm)
Gestation / incubation
Roughly 2 weeks, depending on water temperature
Litter / clutch size
Tens of thousands to over a million eggs per clutch, depending on the female's size

Sources consulted: FishBase; ResearchGate (Portuguese river basins study); USGS NAS Species Profile; FWS Ecological Risk Screening; Animalia.bio; FFDB fair-fish database; AquaHoy

Where to find it

Best time: From April to May, during spawning, when the male builds and guards the nest; the rest of the year it is most active at dawn and dusk.

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Where to see it

Parks and dive sites where this species has been documented — showing 14 of 75.

Related species

Other species in the catalogue with the most in common with Zander — same habitat, park, country, tags or family.

Same taxonomic family
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Keep exploring

Based on what we already know about zander.

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See full glossary
This page in other languages: Español · Deutsch · Français · Português · Italiano

The pins mark the parks and dive sites where its presence is documented.

See its range on the interactive map→
BiałowieżaPoland
Danube DeltaRomania
LahemaaEstonia
Hortobágy National ParkHungary
Aukštaitija National ParkLithuania
Bavarian Forest (Bayerischer Wald)Germany
High Veluwe (Hoge Veluwe)Netherlands
Donau-AuenAustria
Neusiedler See-SeewinkelAustria
Black Forest (Schwarzwald)Germany
Rügen (Baltic amber)Germany
Turku ArchipelagoFinland
Nessebar (Black Sea)Bulgaria
Gdańsk (Baltic wrecks)Poland
See all 71 parks
PerchLeast Concern

Perch

Perca fluviatilis

Least Concern

River Lamprey

Lampetra fluviatilis

PikeLeast Concern

Pike

Esox lucius

Three-spined SticklebackLeast Concern

Three-spined Stickleback

Gasterosteus aculeatus

Beluga SturgeonCritically Endangered

Beluga Sturgeon

Huso huso

Sea BassNear Threatened

Sea Bass

Dicentrarchus labrax

CountriesPoland
ParksBiałowieżaPoland
TagsCarnivore
Carnivore
Nocturnal
Solitary
Fish
Freshwater

Europe40

Asia5

Poland
Germany
Russia
Estonia
Netherlands
Finland
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czechia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Russia
Türkiye