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White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)

Birds · Accipitriformes · Accipitridae

White-tailed Eagle

Haliaeetus albicilla

Least Concern

The species is abundant and widely distributed; it faces no significant short-term risk.

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It is the fourth heaviest eagle in the world and was successfully reintroduced to Scotland after dying out there in the early 20th century. Its courtship displays include aerobatics in which the pair lock talons in mid-air.

Weight

3.6 kg – 6.9 kg

Size

66 cm – 94 cm

Life expectancy

22 years

Diet

Piscivore

Feeds mainly on fish.

Activity

Diurnal

Active mainly during the day.

Social structure

In pairs

Usually lives in pairs, sometimes for life.

Sighting difficulty

Easy

Estimated population

Between 5,000 and 6,600 breeding pairs in Europe according to BirdLife International, with the largest concentrations in Norway (up to 2,300 pairs), European Russia (up to 2,000) and Poland (up to 700); it is recolonising countries from which it had died out, such as Austria and the Netherlands, and was successfully reintroduced to Scotland

OceanFreshwater
55countries9parks3dive sites43same family

AI-generated images: illustrations, not photographs.

Fun facts

  • It is the fourth heaviest eagle in the world.
  • It was successfully reintroduced to Scotland after being persecuted to extinction there.
  • Its courtship involves locking talons in mid-air and spiralling down together.

Life cycle and biology

Skeleton type
Vertebrate - pneumatised bony skeleton (bird)
Habitat and environment
Coasts, large lakes and rivers of northern Europe and Asia, always tied to extensive bodies of water
Birth weight
Exact weight at hatching not found as a precise figure
Size at birth
Covered in creamy white down on hatching
Sexual maturity
5-6 years
Gestation / incubation
34-42 days
Litter / clutch size
1 to 3 eggs per clutch (most commonly 2)
Life expectancy in captivity
Documented record of up to 42 years in captivity

Sources consulted: AnAge; Via Pontica; Hawk and Owl Trust; A-Z Animals; The Eagle Directory; Animal Kingdom; Animalia.bio; AviBirds; Binocular Base; the-birds.net; BirdLife International 2022, IUCN Red List: la tendencia poblacional en Europa es creciente tras la recuperación iniciada en los años ochenta, después del desplome causado por la caza y los pesticidas organoclorados en el Báltico || BirdLife International, estimaciones de población europea; European Raptors || BirdLife International; Vrezec et al. 2009, Denisia 27 (censos invernales de aves acuáticas)

Where to find it

Best time: All year round in northern and central Europe, where it is mostly resident; in winter it gathers on large waterbodies rich in waterbirds, and the northern and north-eastern populations move south

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Where to see it

Parks and dive sites where this species has been documented.

Related species

Other species in the catalogue with the most in common with White-tailed Eagle — same habitat, park, country, tags or family.

Shares a park
Shares a park
Same taxonomic family
Same taxonomic family
Same taxonomic family
Same taxonomic family

Related guides

Keep exploring

Based on what we already know about white-tailed eagle.

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See full glossary
This page in other languages: Español · Deutsch · Français · Português · Italiano

The pins mark the parks and dive sites where its presence is documented.

See its range on the interactive map→
KillarneyIreland
Danube DeltaRomania
LahemaaEstonia
Aukštaitija National ParkLithuania
Donau-AuenAustria
Curonian SpitLithuania
JasmundGermany
MuritzGermany
Store MosseSweden
Lofoten (orcas)Norway
Rügen (Baltic amber)Germany
Turku ArchipelagoFinland
Great CormorantLeast Concern

Great Cormorant

Phalacrocorax carbo

Three-spined SticklebackLeast Concern

Three-spined Stickleback

Gasterosteus aculeatus

European Honey BuzzardLeast Concern

European Honey Buzzard

Pernis apivorus

Booted EagleLeast Concern

Booted Eagle

Hieraaetus pennatus

Lesser Spotted EagleLeast Concern

Lesser Spotted Eagle

Clanga pomarina

Hen HarrierLeast Concern

Hen Harrier

Circus cyaneus

Where to see White-tailed Eagle12 places
CountriesGermany
ParksKillarneyIreland
TagsPiscivore
Piscivore
Diurnal
In pairs
Bird
Ocean
Freshwater

Europe39

Asia15

North America1

Germany
Lithuania
Austria
Estonia
Finland
Ireland
Albania
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czechia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Armenia
Azerbaijan
China
Georgia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Kazakhstan
Mongolia
North Korea
Russia
South Korea
Türkiye
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Greenland