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  3. Red-billed Oxpecker

Birds · Passeriformes · Buphagidae

Red-billed Oxpecker

Buphagus erythrorynchus

Least Concern

The species is abundant and widely distributed; it faces no significant short-term risk.

Spotted something wrong?

The red-billed oxpecker lives literally on top of the large African mammals: giraffes, buffalo, antelopes, rhinos and domestic livestock. It grips the coat with short legs and strongly curved claws and works its way over the animal's body in search of ticks, flies and flakes of skin. The relationship was long considered an example of pure mutualism, but recent studies have qualified that reading considerably.

Weight

42 g – 59 g

Size

19 cm – 21 cm

Life expectancy

15 years

Diet

Insectivore

Feeds mainly on insects and other invertebrates.

Activity

Diurnal

Active mainly during the day.

Social structure

Family group

Lives in small family groups with close bonds.

Sighting difficulty

Easy

SavannaGrassland
43countries34parks

Fun facts

  • GeneralIt lives on buffalo, giraffes and rhinos eating ticks, and warns them of danger.
  • It is not as clean a mutualism as was believed: as well as taking ticks, it opens and keeps open its hosts' wounds in order to drink blood, and several studies suggest that it behaves more as an occasional parasite than as a disinterested cleaner.
  • It sleeps on the animal too: it spends the night clinging to the neck or belly of a giraffe or a buffalo, without coming down to the ground.

Life cycle and biology

Skeleton type
Vertebrate - internal bony skeleton (bird)
Habitat and environment
Savannah and grassland of eastern and southern Africa with large wild grazers or livestock
Birth weight
Altricial: born blind, naked or with sparse down and entirely dependent
Size at birth
Altricial: born blind, naked or with sparse down and entirely dependent
Sexual maturity
12 months
Gestation / incubation
13 days of incubation
Litter / clutch size
3 eggs

Sources consulted: https://www.iucnredlist.org/ | https://animaldiversity.org/ | https://es.wikipedia.org/

Where to find it

Best time: All year round in the savannahs of eastern and southern Africa, by day; look for it directly on buffalo, giraffe, antelope and cattle.

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Where to see it

Parks and dive sites where this species has been documented — showing 10 of 34.

Related species

Other species in the catalogue with the most in common with Red-billed Oxpecker — same habitat, park, country, tags or family.

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Keep exploring

Based on what we already know about red-billed oxpecker.

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See full glossary
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The pins mark the parks where its presence is documented.

See its range on the interactive map→
Serengeti National ParkTanzania
Maasai Mara National ReserveKenya
Kruger National ParkSouth Africa
Okavango DeltaBotswana
NgorongoroTanzania
AmboseliKenya
TsavoKenya
Moremi (Okavango Delta)Botswana
ChobeBotswana
EtoshaNamibia
See all 34 parks
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CountriesTanzania
ParksSerengeti National ParkTanzania
TagsInsectivore
Insectivore
Diurnal
Family group
Bird
Savanna
Grassland
Tanzania
Kenya
South Africa
Botswana
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Côte d’Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Republic of the Congo
Rwanda
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe